The lanternfish (Lampadena speculigera) is an obscure fish from Quebec waters, primarily due to its deep-water habitat and nocturnal behavior. This species is not particularly sought after for sport fishing due to its small size and non-combative nature. However, it generates considerable scientific interest due to its ecological role in marine ecosystems. It is mainly found in the salt and brackish waters of the North Atlantic, including the deep waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Its natural bioluminescence and feeding behavior make it a fascinating subject for ichthyologists.

The lanternfish is distinguished by an elongated, laterally compressed body, usually measuring between 10 and 20 cm in length. Its color ranges from silvery blue to dark gray, with iridescent reflections that captivate light in the water. The body is dotted with photophores, luminous organs that light up in the dark, a typical characteristic of deep-sea fish. Its mouth is relatively wide, equipped with fine, sharp teeth adapted to its carnivorous diet. The fins are small and inconspicuous, while its tail is forked, facilitating fast swimming in deep currents. Juveniles are often more translucent than adults and may display less pronounced pigmentation patterns. There is no marked sexual dimorphism between males and females, even during spawning.

In Quebec, the lanternfish is primarily found in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where the waters are deep enough to accommodate this species. It is absent from shallow waters and rivers, preferring areas where daylight does not penetrate. Although its presence is not abundant, it plays a crucial role in local food chains, serving as prey for many marine predators. Its global distribution extends throughout the North and South Atlantic oceans, typically in temperate to cold waters.

The lanternfish prefers deep waters, generally beyond 200 meters, where it can escape daylight. It is often found near continental slopes and underwater canyons, where ocean currents bring an abundance of food. The ideal water temperatures for this species range from 5 to 10 °C. Although primarily marine, it can tolerate brackish conditions, allowing it to sometimes venture into river mouths. Fishers should target these deep, dark habitats to have a chance of observing it.

The reproduction of the lanternfish generally occurs in spring when temperature and food conditions are optimal. Females lay pelagic eggs, which float in the water column until hatching. The larvae are planktonic and feed on small marine organisms. As they grow, they gradually descend to greater depths. Sexual maturity is reached around 1 to 2 years of age. This species has a relatively short lifespan, not exceeding 5 years.

Spring: Spawning → Summer: Rapid growth of juveniles → Autumn: Descent to deeper waters → Winter: Reduced activity

The lanternfish is primarily a schooling fish, forming large schools that move together in search of food. It is not territorial and prefers areas where it can camouflage in the dark. Highly sensitive to changes in light, it reacts quickly to light disturbances, which can cause it to dive deeper. Weather conditions such as wind or rain have little direct impact on its behavior, as it lives at depths where these factors are mitigated.

The diet of the lanternfish is primarily carnivorous. Juveniles feed on zooplankton, while adults target larger prey such as small crustaceans and fish larvae. The bioluminescence of the photophores may play a role in attracting prey. In summer, when food is abundant, their consumption increases, while in winter, their feeding activity decreases due to lower temperatures and prey availability.

The lanternfish is active year-round, but its activity varies with the seasons. Spring: spawning period, high activity, especially at night. Summer: peak feeding activity, best chances of capture early in the evening. Autumn: moderate activity, preparing for winter. Winter: reduced activity, difficult fishing even in optimal conditions. The best times to observe it are at dusk and dawn when it rises slightly towards the surface. Overcast skies and moonless nights favor its activity.

Since the lanternfish is not a target species for sport fishing, the use of lures is uncommon. However, for studies or observations, light devices may be used to attract these fish. Fluorescent colors or devices emitting UV light are the most effective in deep, dark waters.

For studying or observing the lanternfish, a light rod and a small reel are sufficient, especially if using plankton nets. A low-resistance line (2 to 4 lb) is adequate, given the small size of this fish. Hooks are generally not necessary, except for specific scientific studies.

Handling the lanternfish should be done carefully to avoid stressing the fish. Use wet hands or gloves to minimize damage to the scales and photophores. If you capture a specimen for study, be sure to return it to the water quickly to maximize its chances of survival.

The main predators of the lanternfish include larger fish such as hake and certain shark species. Seabirds, although less frequent, may also capture these fish when they approach the surface.

The lanternfish is not currently considered threatened in Quebec. However, due to its important ecological role, it is crucial to maintain a balance in its natural habitat. No specific regulations exist for this species, but the conservation of deep marine environments is essential for its survival.