The polar cod, or Lycodes polaris, is a little-known fish among sport fishermen in Quebec due to its particular habitat. It is mainly found in the cold, deep waters of the Arctic, making it difficult to access for recreational fishing. Although not prized for sport due to its low fighting ability, it sparks scientific interest because of its adaptation to extreme environments. Its distribution in Quebec is limited to northern regions, where it is rarely caught on a line.

The polar cod is distinguished by its elongated, serpent-like body, lacking visible scales, giving it a smooth texture. Its color ranges from pale brown to gray, with lighter shades on the belly. It has a relatively small head with a terminal mouth, equipped with small sharp teeth adapted to its diet. Its dorsal and anal fins are long and continuous, almost fused with the caudal fin, enhancing its eel-like appearance. Young individuals are often paler than adults and may have more pronounced patterns. There is no obvious sexual dimorphism in this species.

The polar cod is present in the Arctic and sub-Arctic waters of Quebec, mainly in the coastal regions of Nunavik and Hudson Bay. It is rarely observed in waters further south due to its preference for extremely cold temperatures. Its presence is sporadic and often linked to areas where ocean currents bring cold waters. Although it is not abundant, it is part of the typical marine fauna of these remote regions.

The polar cod prefers cold marine waters, often at depths ranging from 50 to 200 meters. It thrives in rocky areas and sandy bottoms where it can hide and hunt. The ideal temperatures for this species are around 0 to 4 °C, limiting its presence to the Arctic regions of Quebec. It is often found near ice platforms or in fjords, where nutrients are abundant due to cold water upwellings.

The reproduction of the polar cod occurs mainly in late winter and early spring when conditions are most favorable. Females lay their eggs on rocky bottoms, sheltered from predators. The eggs incubate slowly in the cold water, hatching after several months. Young individuals spend their first years near the seafloor, feeding on small invertebrates. They reach sexual maturity around 3 to 4 years and can live up to 7 years under optimal conditions.

Spring → Spawning → Summer → Growth → Autumn → Preparation for winter → Winter → Reproduction

The polar cod is generally a solitary fish, spending most of its time hiding in crevices or under rocks. It is not particularly territorial but can become aggressive if its living space is threatened. Sensitive to changes in temperature and pressure, it prefers stable environments. It is little affected by noise or changes in light, being accustomed to the variable conditions of Arctic waters.

The diet of the polar cod mainly consists of small marine invertebrates such as amphipods, copepods, and small crustaceans. Young individuals focus on smaller prey, while adults may target larger prey like small fish or mollusks. In winter, when resources are less abundant, it may slow its metabolism to conserve energy.

Fishing for polar cod is not common in Quebec due to its northern location. However, the best times to observe it would be during the summer months when the waters are slightly more accessible. Ideal conditions include clear days with little wind, as this facilitates navigation in Arctic waters. Atmospheric pressure does not significantly affect this species, but stable weather conditions are preferable for successful observation.

For polar cod, lures are not commonly used, but if you want to try, opt for natural colors that mimic crustaceans or small fish. In clear waters, silver or brown shades can be effective. In murkier water, brighter colors like red or orange might attract attention.

To target the polar cod, a medium-length rod (6 to 7 feet) with moderate power is sufficient. A fixed spool reel with good line capacity is recommended. Use a 10 to 15 lb line to withstand rocky bottom conditions. Medium-sized hooks (size 4 to 6) are adequate, and a fluorocarbon leader can be useful for discretion.

If you catch a polar cod, handle it carefully to avoid damaging it. Use a gentle grip and support its body to prevent injuries. The release should be quick, ensuring the fish is well-oxygenated before letting it go. For a photo, make sure to hold it close to the water.

The predators of the polar cod include some seabirds like gulls and cormorants, as well as larger fish such as cod or seals that patrol the Arctic waters.

The polar cod is not a threatened species in Quebec, mainly due to its habitat being remote from human activities. No specific regulations are in place for this species, but catch and release is encouraged to maintain local populations and preserve ecological balance.