The five-spined stickleback is a small freshwater fish commonly found in shallow streams and lakes in Quebec. Although it is not a targeted species by sport fishermen due to its small size and low fight, it plays an important ecological role by serving as prey for many predatory fish. Its distribution is vast, covering a good part of North America, including regions of Quebec such as Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Bas-Saint-Laurent, and Gaspésie. Anglers can often observe it during their outings, but it is rarely the main target of sport fishing.

The five-spined stickleback has a slender and laterally compressed body, typically measuring 4 to 6 cm in length. Its color ranges from olive brown to green, with silver sides. It is easily recognizable by its five distinct dorsal spines, which are a typical characteristic of this species. Its mouth is small and turned upwards, adapted to its diet based on small invertebrates. The pectoral fins are well-developed, while the caudal fin is slightly notched. Scales are absent, giving its skin a smooth appearance. Males during the breeding season develop brighter coloration, with a reddish hue on the belly, unlike females which retain a duller color.

The five-spined stickleback is widely distributed in freshwater bodies in Quebec. It is mainly found in the southern and central regions of the province, including the Saint Lawrence River watershed, the Outaouais and Saguenay rivers. It prefers calm, shallow waters, often rich in aquatic vegetation. Although it is absent from the colder northern regions, its ability to adapt to different habitats allows it to effectively colonize available areas.

The five-spined stickleback prefers shallow, well-oxygenated waters, often rich in aquatic vegetation. It inhabits the shores of lakes, ponds, marshes, and slow-moving streams. It is usually found at depths of up to 1.5 meters, where it can easily move among plants to protect itself from predators. It tolerates a wide range of temperatures but prefers moderately warm and well-lit waters.

The spawning of the five-spined stickleback occurs in spring when the water temperature reaches around 15 °C. Males build nests from vegetation and debris on the bottom of the water, where females come to lay their eggs. After laying, the male guards the nest and ventilates the eggs until hatching, which occurs about a week later. Young sticklebacks grow quickly, reaching maturity in one year. Their lifespan is relatively short, ranging from 1 to 3 years. Spring: Spawning → Summer: Rapid growth → Fall: Preparation for winter → Winter: Reduced activity.

The five-spined stickleback is a relatively social fish, sometimes forming small groups, especially when feeding. It is territorial during the breeding season, with males aggressively defending their nests. It is sensitive to changes in light, preferring shaded areas or those covered in vegetation. Weather conditions such as wind or rain do not significantly affect its behavior, although it may seek refuge in more sheltered areas during extreme conditions.

The five-spined stickleback primarily feeds on small aquatic invertebrates, such as insect larvae, small crustaceans, and worms. Fry mainly consume zooplankton, while adults diversify their diet with larger prey. In winter, their feeding activity decreases, but they continue to seek available prey in their habitat.

In spring, the five-spined stickleback is more active, particularly during the spawning period. It is then more visible in shallow, well-vegetated areas. In summer, it actively feeds throughout the day, preferring the early morning and late hours when temperatures are more moderate. In fall, its activity slightly decreases as temperatures drop. During winter, it reduces its metabolism and stays in sheltered areas, remaining less active until spring returns.

To observe the five-spined stickleback, it is preferable to use lures or natural baits that mimic its diet, such as small worms or insects. In clear waters, opt for natural colors. In murkier waters, brighter colors may be necessary to better observe their reaction.

The five-spined stickleback is not a targeted species for sport fishing, so light equipment is sufficient for observation. An ultra-light rod with a 2 to 4 lb line is adequate. Use small hooks, as their mouth is quite small.

Handle the five-spined stickleback carefully if you need to move it. Use wet hands to avoid damaging its delicate skin. If you release it back into the water, do so quickly and gently to minimize stress.

Predators of the five-spined stickleback include larger fish such as pike and perch, as well as aquatic birds like herons and kingfishers.

The five-spined stickleback is not considered an endangered species in Quebec. It benefits from a good distribution and a stable population. No specific regulations are in place for its fishing, but it is always advisable to release it back into the water to preserve its ecological role.