The three-spined stickleback, although modest in size, is a fascinating fish due to its behaviors and adaptation to various environments. In Quebec, it is widely distributed in freshwater and brackish waters, playing a more ecological role than a sporting interest. Anglers often encounter it by chance while searching for other species. Its fight is not remarkable, but it can provide an interesting challenge for young anglers or aquatic biology enthusiasts. Found in the southern regions of Quebec, the stickleback is mainly present in the calm waters of lakes and rivers, as well as in the coastal areas of the St. Lawrence estuary.

The three-spined stickleback is a small fish, generally measuring between 5 and 10 cm long. Its body is slender and lacks typical scales, instead covered with bony plates. The color ranges from gray to olive brown on the back, with lighter sides and a silver belly. As its name indicates, it possesses three distinctive spines on its back, which serve as a defense against predators. The mouth is small and pointed forward, adapted to grasp small prey. The fins are generally transparent, and the caudal fin is slightly forked. During the breeding season, the male displays brighter colors, with a reddish hue on the belly and blue coloration around the eyes, contrasting with the female, which remains duller.

In Quebec, the three-spined stickleback is widely present in the watersheds of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes. It is abundant in coastal areas and estuaries, benefiting from brackish waters, but it is also found in inland lakes and rivers, especially in the southern part of the province. Its ability to tolerate different levels of salinity and temperature allows it to adapt to various habitats. It is absent from the more northern regions of Quebec, where climatic conditions and habitat are not favorable to its survival.

The three-spined stickleback prefers calm and shallow waters, such as ponds, lakes, and rivers with low current. It is often observed near shores, among aquatic vegetation that provides shelter and food. It adapts well to the brackish waters of estuaries and can survive in a wide range of temperatures. In summer, it takes refuge in shaded and cooler areas to avoid excessive heat. Look for it around natural structures like rocks and submerged roots, where it finds protection from predators.

The spawning of the three-spined stickleback occurs in spring when the water temperature reaches about 15 °C. The male builds a tunnel-shaped nest with pieces of aquatic vegetation, which he sticks together using a substance secreted by his kidneys. After attracting a female, she lays her eggs in the nest, and the male then fertilizes them. The male guards the nest and ventilates the eggs until they hatch, about a week later. Young sticklebacks grow quickly and reach sexual maturity in one year. Their lifespan is relatively short, from 1 to 3 years.

Spring → Spawning and nest building → Summer → Growth of young → Autumn → Preparation for winter → Winter → Metabolic slowdown

The three-spined stickleback is generally a social fish, living in small groups, except during the breeding season when the male becomes territorial. This fish is known for its ability to adapt to various environments, but it is sensitive to sudden changes in temperature and water quality. It tends to avoid overly turbulent waters due to wind or rain, preferring calm conditions. In case of danger, it quickly seeks refuge in aquatic vegetation. Its tolerance to light varies, but it is most active during low light hours, such as morning and evening.

The diet of the three-spined stickleback varies according to its developmental stage. Fry primarily feed on plankton and small insect larvae. As they grow, their diet expands to include small crustaceans, aquatic insects, worms, and sometimes even eggs of other fish. In autumn, their consumption increases to build reserves before winter, when their metabolism slows down and their feeding becomes less frequent. They adapt well to seasonal variations in prey availability.

Spring is the breeding season for the three-spined stickleback, and it is then more visible in shallow, vegetated waters. In summer, it remains active but often retreats to shadier areas to avoid heat. Autumn is a period of intense feeding to build reserves before winter. During winter, it becomes less active and retreats to deeper areas to avoid freezing. The best times to observe or fish for it are early in the morning and late in the afternoon when the light is less intense. Cloudy or slightly rainy days are also favorable, as the stickleback's activity increases under diffuse light conditions.

For the three-spined stickleback, lures are generally not used as for other sport fish. If you still wish to experiment, opt for small lures mimicking insects or larvae, especially in clear water. Natural colors, like brown and green, are ideal in sunlight, while brighter shades may be useful in overcast weather or in murky water.

To fish for the three-spined stickleback, use an ultralight rod about 1.5 to 2 meters long with a fast action to feel the bites well. A light reel with a line of 2 to 4 lb is more than sufficient. Small hooks sized 10 to 14 are recommended, baited with small worms or larvae. A thin leader is preferable to avoid scaring them, especially in clear waters.

The three-spined stickleback is delicate to handle due to its small size and dorsal spines. Use wet hands to avoid damaging its skin. If you return it to the water, do so quickly and gently to minimize stress. For a photo, keep it close to the water to avoid injury in case of a drop.

Natural predators of the three-spined stickleback include larger fish like pike and walleye. Aquatic birds, such as herons and kingfishers, also enjoy this small fish. In some areas, amphibians, such as frogs, may also prey on young sticklebacks.

The three-spined stickleback is not a major conservation concern in Quebec. It is considered an abundant and stable species. However, water quality and the preservation of aquatic habitats are crucial for its survival. No strict regulations are in place regarding its fishing, but catch and release is encouraged to maintain ecological balance.