The capelin is a small marine fish from the Osmeridae family, highly valued by commercial fishermen for its crucial role in the marine ecosystem. In Quebec, it is often used as bait for other more sport fish species like mackerel or cod. Although it is not a target for sport fishing in itself, its presence is an important indicator of the health of marine ecosystems. The capelin is especially known for its massive migrations to the beaches to spawn, a natural spectacle that attracts both fishermen and curious onlookers. Distributed along the coasts of Quebec, it is particularly abundant in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and around the Gaspé Peninsula.

The capelin has an elongated and slender body covered with small silver scales that give it a metallic sheen. Its coloration is generally silver with a greenish tint on the back. The mouth is small, and the jaws lack prominent teeth. The fins are transparent and inconspicuous, except for the dorsal fin which is positioned towards the middle of the body. The tail is forked, which is typical of fast-swimming fish. Males during the spawning season develop crests and tubercles on their flanks, distinguishing them from females. Young capelins resemble adults but are obviously smaller and less colorful.

The capelin is widely distributed along the coasts of Quebec, notably in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, around the Gaspé Peninsula, and in the waters near Anticosti Island. It is also found in Chaleur Bay and sometimes as far north as the northern coast of Quebec. Its presence is more sporadic further south and in the inland waters of Quebec. Abundant during spawning periods, it can form immense schools, especially in the spring.

The capelin prefers shallow coastal waters where the temperature remains cool, between 2 and 8 °C. It is often found near sandy beaches where it comes to spawn. Outside of the breeding season, it moves to deeper waters but generally remains in the pelagic zone. Capelins thrive in well-oxygenated waters and are not often found in stagnant or overly warm waters.

The capelin's life cycle is marked by a spectacular spawning event that occurs in the spring and sometimes in the summer. Adult fish migrate in mass to sandy beaches to lay their eggs in the sand. The eggs usually hatch after two to three weeks, and the larvae quickly join deeper waters. Young capelins grow rapidly and reach sexual maturity in two to three years. The capelin's longevity is relatively short, between five and six years. Spring → Spawning → Hatching → Growth → Fall/Winter → Migration → Spring.

The capelin is a gregarious fish, forming large schools that move together to protect themselves from predators. It is not territorial and migrates according to the seasons, primarily to reproduce. The capelin is sensitive to changes in temperature and salinity, which influence its movements. It is also influenced by lunar cycles, which can trigger spawning.

The capelin's diet varies according to its life stage. Larvae primarily feed on zooplankton, such as copepods. As they grow, young and adult capelins also consume crustaceans and small fish. Feeding is most active in spring and summer when food resources are abundant. In autumn, the capelin may feed opportunistically, while in winter, its feeding activity decreases.

Capelin fishing is particularly interesting in spring and summer when the fish come to spawn near the coasts. The best times to observe or catch capelin are often early in the morning or late in the evening, depending on the tides. On cloudy or rainy days, capelin may be more active near the surface. In winter, it is harder to locate as it moves to deeper waters.

For occasions when capelin is fished with a line, using small silver or gold lures can be effective, mimicking the fish's natural shine. In clear water, silver lures work well, while in murky water, brighter colors may be needed to attract their attention. Lures should be retrieved quickly to imitate the capelin's natural behavior.

Since capelin is often fished to be used as bait, the required gear is minimal. A light rod of 6 to 7 feet, with light power and fast action, is sufficient. A light reel spooled with 4 to 6 lb line is ideal. Hooks should be small, sizes 10 to 14, and a leader is generally not necessary unless there are predators in the area.

Capelin is very fragile and must be handled carefully to avoid damaging its delicate scales. When releasing it back into the water, make sure to do so quickly and minimize the time spent out of the water. For photos, support the fish with a wet hand to preserve its protective mucus layer.

Capelin is an important prey for many aquatic and avian predators. Among aquatic predators are cod, salmon, and seals. Seabirds like gulls and gannets are also major consumers of capelin.

Capelin is not currently endangered in Quebec, but its population can fluctuate based on environmental conditions and fishing pressures. It is important to respect local regulations regarding capture methods and quotas. Catch and release is rarely a concern for this species, as it is often fished for consumption or as bait.