The eastern lamprey, or Lampetra appendix, is a little-known species among sport fishermen in Quebec, mainly due to its non-predatory nature and small size. Unlike its cousin, the sea lamprey, it is not considered harmful. However, it plays an important ecological role. It is mainly found in the freshwater of southern Quebec, particularly in the watersheds of the St. Lawrence River. Although it does not offer a sporting challenge, it piques interest for its unique biology and singular appearance.

The eastern lamprey is distinguished by its elongated, serpent-like body, which is devoid of scales. It generally has a grayish to brownish color, with a lighter belly. Its circular mouth is equipped with small, sharp teeth, typical of lampreys, which allow it to attach to other fish, although it is not parasitic. The fins of the eastern lamprey are reduced, with a dorsal fin divided into two sections. The tail is slightly flattened laterally. Young lampreys, called ammocoetes, are often paler and live buried in sediment. During the spawning period, males develop secondary characteristics, such as a more pronounced dorsal crest.

The eastern lamprey is present in the freshwater of southern Quebec. It can be found in rivers and lakes that flow into the St. Lawrence River. It is more abundant in regions like Montérégie and Estrie. This species prefers clear, well-oxygenated waters, often near spawning areas. Its absence is notable in more northern regions, where environmental conditions are not conducive to its survival.

The eastern lamprey primarily frequents rivers with moderate currents and shallow lakes with sandy or muddy bottoms. It prefers clear, well-oxygenated waters, often near areas of aquatic vegetation. This species is generally found at depths of 1 to 3 meters, where it can hide among debris and vegetation. The ideal temperatures for its habitat range from 10 to 18 °C, which often corresponds to spring and summer conditions in southern Quebec.

The life cycle of the eastern lamprey begins with spawning, which occurs in spring when water temperatures reach around 10 °C. Adults migrate to shallow gravel areas to lay their eggs. The female deposits up to several thousand eggs in a nest she has prepared. Once hatched, the young, called ammocoetes, live buried in sediment for 3 to 5 years, feeding on suspended organic matter. After this larval period, they metamorphose into adults, ready to reproduce. The eastern lamprey generally lives only a few months after reproduction. Spring → Spawning → Summer → Growth of ammocoetes → Fall → Metamorphosis → Winter → Inactive adult.

The eastern lamprey is generally solitary and non-territorial. It is not aggressive and reacts little to external disturbances such as noise or movement. It prefers calm environments and often hides among debris or under rocks. Changes in light or temperature have little impact on its activity, although it is primarily active at night or during twilight to avoid predators.

The diet of the eastern lamprey varies throughout its life. Ammocoetes feed on suspended organic matter, filtering water to capture particles. Once metamorphosed, the adult does not actively feed, as it lives only for reproduction. Consequently, the growth period is limited to the larval phase, which lasts several years.

Fishing for the eastern lamprey is not a common activity, but to observe it, the best times are spring and summer when adults are active for spawning. Moderate temperatures and high water levels favor their activity. Mornings and evenings offer the best chances for observation, as lampreys avoid direct light. Conditions of stable atmospheric pressure and overcast skies are ideal for seeing these discreet creatures.

The eastern lamprey is not targeted for sport fishing, so the choice of lures and colors is not relevant. However, for observation, prefer natural-colored clothing to blend into the environment and reduce visual disturbances.

For observation, a lightweight diving suit and a quality mask are essential. Binoculars can be useful for observing from the shore. If you wish to study these creatures up close, a waterproof camera will allow you to capture images without disturbing their natural habitat.

Handling an eastern lamprey requires delicacy and care, as its skin is sensitive. If you must move it, do so with wet hands to avoid damaging its protective mucus layer. Return it to the water quickly and gently to minimize stress. Avoid handling it for photos, as this can cause injury.

Natural predators of the eastern lamprey include larger fish like pike and perch. Aquatic birds, such as herons and kingfishers, may also capture lampreys, especially when they are young or at the surface.

The eastern lamprey is not considered a threatened species in Quebec, but it benefits from general protection due to its ecological role. It is important to preserve its natural habitats, especially spawning areas. Catch-and-release is encouraged to maintain stable populations.