The Atlantic cod is one of the most iconic marine fish of the North Atlantic, and it is well present in the salt and brackish waters of Quebec, particularly in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Although it is no longer as abundant as it once was due to overfishing, it remains a prized catch for sport fishermen venturing out to sea. Cod is appreciated not only for its delicious flesh but also for the challenge it offers when you fight it on the line. Its distribution in the gulf and certain estuaries makes it accessible, although sometimes you have to navigate to find it in the best spots.

The Atlantic cod has an elongated, fusiform body, well adapted for swimming in open waters. Its color varies from olive green to grayish brown on the back, with lighter sides and a white belly. Darker irregular spots can often be observed along its flanks. Its mouth is wide with a prominent lower jaw and a distinctive small barbule under the chin, which helps in identification. There are three dorsal fins, and it has two anal fins. Its tail is slightly forked, providing good propulsion. The scales are small and smooth. Young cod often have brighter colors and more pronounced patterns than adults. During spawning, males may display more intense colors, although the sexual difference is not very marked.

In Quebec, the Atlantic cod is primarily found in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, including the waters around the Magdalen Islands and the Lower North Shore. It is also present in some estuaries where the water is brackish. Historically, it was much more widespread, but its population has declined due to overfishing. Today, it is less abundant but still accessible to those who know where to look. The absence of cod in the fresher and entirely inland waters of Quebec is due to its preference for salty and brackish environments.

The Atlantic cod prefers cold waters, often between 32 and 54 °F, and is usually found at depths ranging from 33 to 656 feet, although some may dive deeper. It favors rocky bottoms and areas with moderate currents, which promote the presence of prey. You will often find it near underwater structures such as reefs or wrecks, where it can hunt more effectively. Clear and oxygen-rich waters are ideal for its survival.

The spawning of the Atlantic cod occurs in spring, generally between March and May. Females lay millions of eggs, which float freely in the water column. The larvae hatch after about 10 days and feed on zooplankton. As they grow, they start to hunt small fish and crustaceans. Sexual maturity is reached between 2 and 4 years, depending on environmental conditions. The longevity of the cod can reach 20 to 25 years under optimal conditions.

Spring → Spawning → Summer → Rapid growth → Fall → Preparation for winter → Winter → Slowed metabolism

The Atlantic cod is generally social, forming large schools, especially during the spawning period. It is not particularly territorial and often moves in search of food. It is sensitive to changes in atmospheric pressure, which can influence its feeding behavior. Cod are more active during low-light hours, such as early morning and late evening, and they may be more difficult to catch in very bright or sunny weather.

The diet of the Atlantic cod varies with age. Young cod primarily feed on zooplankton and small crustaceans. As they grow, their diet becomes more carnivorous, including fish such as herring, capelin, and invertebrates such as shrimp and crabs. In winter, their metabolism slows down, and they are less active, thus reducing their food intake.

In spring, the cod is active and gathers to spawn, making it a good time for fishing. In summer, it moves to deeper waters to avoid warmer surface temperatures but remains active. Fall is a time of great feeding to prepare for winter, when it becomes less active. The best times to fish for it are early morning or late evening, especially in cloudy weather or when the wind is moderate. Cod is sensitive to changes in atmospheric pressure, and a cold front can stimulate its activity.

In clear waters, opt for natural colors like blue, green, or brown, which closely mimic natural prey. In overcast weather or in murky waters, bright colors like yellow or orange can attract the attention of the cod. Silver or gold metallic lures are also effective, especially at depth where they reflect ambient light.

To fish for Atlantic cod, a 7 to 9-foot rod with medium to heavy power and fast action is recommended. A reel size 4000 to 6000 with good line capacity is ideal. Use a braided line of 20 to 30 lb for its sensitivity and strength. Circle hooks size 2/0 to 4/0 are effective, especially for bottom fishing. A fluorocarbon leader of 30 to 40 lb can help prevent break-offs on rocky bottoms.

When you catch a cod, support its body with both hands to avoid causing it stress. If you wish to release it, do so quickly after taking a photo. Ensure that the fish is well oxygenated before releasing it by holding it in the water until it shows signs of vigor.

The main predators of the Atlantic cod include seals, sharks, and some large fish like halibut. Seabirds, such as gulls, can also prey on young cod at the surface.

The Atlantic cod has suffered a significant decline over the past few decades, leading to strict management and fishing regulation measures. In Quebec, quotas are often in place, and the release of unwanted specimens is strongly encouraged to help rebuild populations.